> ## Content Index > Fetch the complete content index at: https://soundforgepro.com/llms.txt > Use this file to discover other available public pages before exploring further. # Best Audio Restoration Software: 8 Tools Matched to Damage - URL: https://soundforgepro.com/audio-restoration-software/ - Published: 2026-08-12T10:37:28.000Z - Updated: 2026-08-17T08:14:13.000Z - Description: Choose audio restoration software by the damage in the file: eight current tools, honest limits and a repeatable buying test. - Author: Erick Finn - Tags: Sound Forge Restoration Guides The best audio restoration software is whichever tool matches the damage and lets you hear the moment cleanup starts removing wanted sound. It also has to fit the way you deliver files. If you want one broad specialist before a specific job forces a different choice, **iZotope RX 12 Standard** is the strongest default. **Acon Digital Acoustica Premium** is the better value if you also need a conventional editor, **SpectraLayers Pro 13** is stronger when one unwanted sound must be separated visually, and **Audacity 3.7.7** is still the sensible free starting point. That short answer hides the important part: steady hiss, electrical hum, isolated clicks, clipped peaks, room reflections and a voice buried under another sound are not variations of one problem. They call for different repair methods. This guide compares eight current tools by damage type, platform, workflow and cost. **Prices and versions were checked against vendor pages on August 15, 2026.** Subscriptions, sales, regional pricing and taxes can change. ![Waveform and spectrogram fingerprints for hum, clicks, clipped peaks and reverberation](https://storage.ghost.io/c/af/4b/af4b05d4-2e0b-4edc-8378-1e2a62fecc70/content/images/2026/08/damage-fingerprints-desktop-20260815.webp) Hum, impulses, clipping, and room reflections leave different evidence and need different repair methods. ## The Shortlist: Choose by Repair Job - **Best overall specialist:** iZotope RX 12 Standard: the most complete balance of automatic modules, detailed spectral repair and plugin delivery without paying for Advanced. - **Best value all-in-one editor:** Acon Digital Acoustica Premium 7.x: a full editor with Restoration Suite 2 and Extract:Dialogue 2 for $199 at the checked US price. - **Best for separating one sound:** Steinberg SpectraLayers Pro 13: layer-based spectral selection, unmixing and repair for material that ordinary broadband processing cannot isolate. - **Best for mastering and archives:** Steinberg WaveLab Pro 13: restoration, batch processing, metering, metadata and final delivery in one environment. - **Best for Creative Cloud teams:** Adobe Audition: convenient round-trips from Premiere Pro, waveform and multitrack work, diagnostics and spectral repair. - **Best Windows single-file workflow:** Sound Forge 2026: precise editing, restoration processing and repeatable batch delivery without turning the job into a multitrack session. - **Best free option:** Audacity 3.7.7: capable for constant noise, basic click work and manual edits, with clear limits around deep spectral reconstruction. - **Best low-cost Windows editor:** GoldWave 7.05: practical tape and vinyl cleanup, batch work and command-line control for $59 lifetime or $19 for one year. If you don’t yet know whether the recording contains clipping, codec damage, room sound or a playback fault, stop shopping for a moment and [diagnose the damage before choosing a tool](https://soundforgepro.com/audio-restoration/). Buying a stronger denoiser won’t repair a broken file header, a muted output device or information discarded by a low-bitrate encode. ## Audio Restoration Software Comparison The matrix describes the currently documented desktop products, not every historical edition. “Plugin” means the package can supply restoration processing inside a compatible host; it does not mean every listed module is available in every edition. Prices are the checked US list prices shown by vendors on August 15, 2026\. Regional storefronts and tax can produce a different total. | Software | Best fit | Platform | Workflow | Checked price | | ------------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------------- | ----------------------- | --------------------- | | **RX 12 Standard** | Broad specialist repair | Windows, macOS | Standalone + 18 plugins | $399 perpetual | | **Acoustica Premium 7.x** | Editor plus restoration value | Windows, macOS | Standalone + plugins | $199 perpetual | | **SpectraLayers Pro 13** | Spectral isolation and layers | Windows, macOS | Standalone + ARA | $359.99 perpetual | | **WaveLab Pro 13** | Archive, mastering, delivery | Windows, macOS | Standalone editor | $499.99 perpetual | | **Adobe Audition** | Video and podcast teams | Windows, macOS | Waveform + multitrack | $22.99/mo annual plan | | **Sound Forge 2026** | Single-file and batch work | Windows | Standalone editor | $299.95 perpetual | | **Audacity 3.7.7** | Free basic restoration | Windows, macOS, Linux | Standalone editor | Free, open source | | **GoldWave 7.05** | Budget Windows cleanup | Windows | Standalone + batch/CLI | $59 lifetime | Price alone can mislead. RX Elements costs less than Standard, but it is not a cheaper route to the same module set. SpectraLayers Elements omits many Pro repair modules. WaveLab Elements is useful software, but the full restoration, spectrum and batch workflow described below belongs to WaveLab Pro. Check the exact edition matrix before comparing products by name. Why are two familiar names missing from the eight? The [Waves Restoration bundle](https://www.waves.com/bundles/restoration?ref=soundforgepro.com) remains a host-based set for profile noise, hum, clicks and crackle, but it is not a standalone inspection editor and the bundle does not include a declipper. [CEDAR Retouch](https://cedaraudio.com/plugins/retouch?ref=soundforgepro.com) is a serious specialist spectral editor with a 14-day trial, aimed at selecting and rebuilding discrete events. They belong in narrower plugin or spectral-editing comparisons; neither is a like-for-like replacement for every editor above. ## How We Ranked These Audio Restoration Tools This is a damage-to-tool ranking. It makes no claim that eight products were measured on one universal sound-quality scale, because no public corpus covers hiss, hum, clicks, clipping, reverb, dialogue overlap, batch delivery and platform constraints under one repeatable benchmark. A single score would hide the decision the reader actually has to make. Each placement was checked against seven practical criteria: - **Repair coverage:** which documented damage classes the current edition can address. - **Inspection and control:** waveform, spectrum, spectrogram, selection, bypass and residual monitoring. - **Workflow fit:** standalone editing, plugin use, ARA, multitrack or cloud processing. - **Repeatability:** presets, batch processing, file naming, metadata and export verification. - **Platform and custody:** operating-system support and whether the source must leave the workstation. - **Edition clarity:** whether the advertised repair tool is actually in the priced edition. - **Current cost and trial:** vendor price, license model and a usable way to test the real file. The order therefore answers “Which tool is the safest first purchase for this repair job?” It doesn’t declare that an automatic result from one product will beat a careful manual repair in another. The five-test protocol later in the guide is the tie-breaker for your own recordings. ## What Audio Repair Software Must Actually Do A credible restoration tool should help with at least three stages: identify the fault, control the repair and verify the result. The first stage may use a waveform, spectrum, spectrogram, loudness meter or a difference monitor. For the second you need a useful selection model, adjustable processing and a reversible audition, and the third comes down to level-matched bypass, lossless export and a way to inspect what changed. The damage determines the essential module: - **Constant hiss or fan noise:** noise profiling or adaptive spectral denoise. - **Mains hum and harmonics:** de-hum or narrow harmonic filtering. - **Clicks, pops and crackle:** local interpolation, de-click and de-crackle. - **Flattened peaks:** de-clip, followed by a check for distortion that remains below the peak. - **One cough, horn or chair squeak:** detailed spectral selection and replacement. - **Speech in noise or room reflections:** dialogue isolation or de-reverberation, tested carefully for consonant damage. - **Hundreds of similar files:** batch processing, presets, file naming and verified export. No product restores information with certainty after it has been overwritten or discarded. A declipper estimates a plausible peak. A source-separation model estimates components of a mixture, and a de-reverb processor tries to reduce the reflections that overlap the direct voice. Those can be valuable results, but “reconstructed” is more honest than “recovered.” ## 1\. iZotope RX 12 Standard: Best Overall Specialist **Best for:** editors who regularly receive several kinds of damage and need both a standalone repair bench and restoration plugins inside a DAW or video editor. RX 12 Standard is the broadest sensible default in this list. The current edition includes the standalone Audio Editor and 18 plugins. Its documented repair set covers De-click, De-clip, De-crackle, De-hum, De-reverb, Dialogue Isolate, Spectral De-noise and Spectral Repair. That combination matters: automatic modules handle repeatable faults, while Spectral Repair gives you a local tool when one event needs attention rather than the whole file. The checked US price is [$399 for RX 12 Standard](https://www.izotope.com/products/rx-standard?ref=soundforgepro.com). Elements is $99, but it is a smaller entry edition; Advanced is $1,399 and adds specialist post-production modules such as De-rustle, De-wind, Dialogue Contour, Ambience Match and Scene Rebalance. Don’t pay for Advanced because a ranking calls it “best.” Pay for it only when those modules belong to your actual delivery work. **Avoid it if:** your jobs are mostly clean single-file edits, trims and exports. RX can do detailed repair, but it isn’t the cheapest ordinary waveform editor and it’s no full music-production DAW either. For the exact tradeoff with this site’s core editor, use our [Sound Forge vs iZotope RX comparison](https://soundforgepro.com/sound-forge-pro-vs-izotope-rx/). ## 2\. Acon Digital Acoustica Premium: Best Value All-in-One **Best for:** someone who wants a conventional audio editor and a serious restoration bundle under one perpetual license. [Acoustica Premium 7.x](https://acondigital.com/products/acoustica?ref=soundforgepro.com) costs $199 at the checked price and includes Restoration Suite 2, Extract:Dialogue 2 and Acon’s current dialogue-cleaning tools for wind, rustle, buzz, mouth clicks and plosives. Restoration Suite covers DeNoise, DeHum, DeClick and DeClip; the editor supplies spectral editing, processing chains and ordinary cut, record and export work. That makes it a more balanced purchase than a plugin bundle when you don’t already own an editor you like. The standalone [Restoration Suite 2](https://acondigital.com/products/restoration-suite?ref=soundforgepro.com) normally lists at $99\. On August 15, 2026, Acon showed a $69 summer price, so this article keeps $99 as the stable comparison figure. Acon labels Restoration Suite 3 and Acoustica 8 as “coming soon”; purchases made after August 1 are advertised with a free upgrade. This comparison judges the versions available now: Acoustica 7.x and Restoration Suite 2. **Avoid it if:** you specifically need RX Advanced tools such as Dialogue Contour and Ambience Match, or layer-based source separation. Acoustica now covers more dialogue failures than a four-plugin restoration bundle, but it still follows a conventional editor-and-plugin workflow. Download the 30-day trial and test the exact damaged file instead of comparing marketing checkmarks. ## 3\. SpectraLayers Pro 13: Best for Visual Spectral Isolation **Best for:** a repair where the unwanted event can be seen and selected as an object or layer, such as a cough under music, bleed between sources, a tonal intrusion or a sound that overlaps in time but occupies a distinct spectral shape. SpectraLayers approaches audio more like an image editor than a conventional waveform tool. Pro 13 combines manual spectral selection with Noise Reduction, Reverb Reduction, Hum Reduction, Click Repair, Clip Repair, De-Bleed, voice repair and batch processing. Its layer model is the reason to buy it: you can separate, inspect and rebalance components rather than committing every decision to one rendered waveform. [SpectraLayers Pro 13 lists at $359.99](https://www.steinberg.net/spectralayers/compare-editions/?ref=soundforgepro.com); Elements 13 is $89.99 but omits many of the Pro repair and unmixing modules. Steinberg offers a [60-day Pro trial](https://www.steinberg.net/spectralayers/trial/?ref=soundforgepro.com), which is long enough to test several representative failures rather than one flattering demo. **Avoid it if:** most of your work is straightforward trimming, level correction and batch conversion. Spectral layers are powerful, but they introduce a different editing model and more decisions than a simple denoise-and-deliver job needs. ![Audio repair workflows in a waveform editor, spectral editor, DAW plugin chain and cloud service](https://storage.ghost.io/c/af/4b/af4b05d4-2e0b-4edc-8378-1e2a62fecc70/content/images/2026/08/workflow-types-desktop-20260815.webp) The same repair algorithm can feel very different in a waveform editor, spectral editor, DAW, or cloud service. ## 4\. WaveLab Pro 13: Best for Restoration Through Delivery **Best for:** mastering engineers, archive transfers and long-form delivery work where restoration must continue into sequencing, metadata, loudness control, batch rendering and quality assurance. WaveLab Pro is not merely a repair suite. The current version combines RestoreRig, full restoration functions, a Spectrum Editor, wavelet display, batch processing, external-editor integration and mastering/delivery tools. That wider chain is its advantage: an archive project can move from cleanup to file naming, metadata and final derivatives without pretending restoration ends when the noise disappears. [WaveLab Pro 13 lists at $499.99](https://www.steinberg.net/wavelab/?ref=soundforgepro.com). Steinberg’s [release notes list version 13.0.30 dated July 22, 2026](https://www.steinberg.net/wavelab/release-notes/13/?ref=soundforgepro.com). Elements starts at $99.99 and includes RestoreRig, but its restoration functions are limited and it lacks the Pro batch processor, Spectrum Editor and wavelet display. Confirm the [edition comparison](https://www.steinberg.net/wavelab/compare-editions/?ref=soundforgepro.com) before treating Elements as a lower-priced substitute. **Avoid it if:** you need only occasional dialogue cleanup or one troublesome sound. Its cost and mastering depth make more sense when restoration is one stage in a repeatable production or preservation pipeline. ## 5\. Adobe Audition: Best for Video and Podcast Teams **Best for:** editors already paying for Creative Cloud who need waveform repair, multitrack assembly and an efficient path between audio and Premiere Pro. Audition’s [official restoration documentation](https://helpx.adobe.com/audition/desktop/effects-reference/noise-reduction-restoration-effects.html?ref=soundforgepro.com) covers spectral-frequency editing, Diagnostics, DeClipper, DeHummer, adaptive noise reduction, DeReverb, DeNoise and Sound Remover. The combination of waveform and multitrack views makes it practical for podcasts and video post: repair a source destructively in the Waveform Editor, then return to the mix and automation in Multitrack. The current US single-app offer is [$22.99 per month with an annual commitment billed monthly](https://www.adobe.com/products/audition.html?ref=soundforgepro.com), with a seven-day full-app trial. That is attractive when Audition is already part of the team’s Adobe plan. As a standalone long-term restoration purchase, the subscription can cost more than a perpetual specialist editor. **Avoid it if:** you want a perpetual license, Linux support or the newest specialist source-separation modules. Audition remains useful, but its strongest buying argument is workflow integration, rather than a claim that every restoration algorithm beats a dedicated current suite. ## 6\. Sound Forge 2026: Best for Windows Single-File and Batch Work **Best for:** Windows users who receive one finished WAV, voice recording, vinyl side or folder of similarly prepared files and want fast, exact waveform editing plus repeatable processing. Sound Forge’s strength is focus. It records and edits one file closely, hosts processing chains, supports restoration work and turns a verified setup into repeatable batch output. Boris FX describes the current product around sample-accurate editing, recording up to 32 channels, restoration tools, WaveColor and batch processing. Boris FX [acquired Sound Forge from MAGIX on March 30, 2026](https://blog.borisfx.com/press/boris-fx-acquires-vegas-pro-sound-forge-and-acid-pro?ref=soundforgepro.com), so older MAGIX pricing and trial articles should not be treated as current. The checked perpetual prices are $299.95 for Sound Forge and $399.95 for Sound Forge Plus; annual plans are $149.95 and $199.95\. The [official trial is currently 15 days](https://vfx.borisfx.com/sound-forge-trial?ref=soundforgepro.com), Windows only, and does not require a credit card. Our [Sound Forge pricing guide](https://soundforgepro.com/sound-forge-pro-pricing/) explains the editions, while the [2026 Sound Forge review](https://soundforgepro.com/sound-forge-pro-review-2026/) separates its excellent single-file work from the multitrack and deep-spectral jobs it should not own. **Avoid it if:** you work on macOS or Linux, need a full multitrack production environment, or routinely paint around complex interference in a spectrogram. A specialist plugin can extend Sound Forge; that doesn’t make the base editor identical to RX or SpectraLayers. ## 7\. Audacity 3.7.7: Best Free Audio Restoration Software **Best for:** learning the repair order, cleaning constant background noise, fixing isolated defects manually and completing occasional work without a license cost. [Audacity 3.7.7](https://www.audacityteam.org/download/?ref=soundforgepro.com) is free and open source on Windows, macOS and Linux. Its Noise Reduction effect can learn a noise-only profile and reduce constant hiss or fan noise. Click Removal, Clip Fix, spectral selection and ordinary editing provide a useful basic bench. Because the project documents its limits, Audacity is also a good way to learn when a repair request exceeds the tool. Those limits matter. Audacity’s own [Noise Reduction guidance](https://support.audacityteam.org/repairing-audio/noise-reduction-removal?ref=soundforgepro.com) says the method is intended for constant background sounds, not irregular noise. [Clip Fix is most likely to help lightly clipped audio](https://manual.audacityteam.org/man/clip%5Ffix.html?ref=soundforgepro.com). The manual [Repair effect works on selections up to 128 samples](https://manual.audacityteam.org/man/repair.html?ref=soundforgepro.com), which is useful for a tiny click, not a missing phrase. **Avoid it if:** deadlines depend on dialogue isolation, advanced de-reverb, deep batch automation or fast repair of many unrelated faults. “Free” becomes expensive when manual work or failed processing consumes the project budget. Start with our [noise-reduction workflow](https://soundforgepro.com/how-to-remove-background-noise-in-sound-forge-pro/) and move to a trial only after you can name the missing capability. ## 8\. GoldWave 7.05: Best Low-Cost Windows Editor **Best for:** Windows users restoring tape or vinyl, processing many files or building a repeatable low-cost workflow with batch and command-line options. [GoldWave 7.05](https://goldwave.com/?ref=soundforgepro.com), released July 29, 2026, is the current Windows desktop release. It includes noise reduction, pop/click filtering, batch processing, command-line control and the recording, editing and format tools needed around restoration. The current licenses are [$19 for one year or $59 lifetime](https://www.goldwave.com/gwbuy.php?ref=soundforgepro.com). Both include GoldWave Infinity, the separate browser-based cross-platform version that the vendor still labels as in development. The evaluation mode is not a permanently free edition. GoldWave is less glamorous than the spectral specialist tools, but the practical feature mix is useful for transfers and repetitive cleanup. Its official [restoration tutorial](https://goldwave.com/help/desktop/AppendixTutorial.html?ref=soundforgepro.com) also gives buyers a clearer idea of the intended workflow than a generic marketplace description. Avoid it if: you need a mature native macOS/Linux desktop editor, modern dialogue separation or detailed layer-based spectral repair. GoldWave 7.05 itself is Windows-only; Infinity broadens platform access but is a different, still-developing browser application. Buy the desktop editor for efficient conventional restoration. A low lifetime price doesn’t imply every advanced module is included. ## Standalone Editor, DAW Plugin or Cloud AI? A standalone editor is usually where I end up diagnosing a damaged file. You can inspect the entire waveform, mark several test passages, save versions and render a repaired master. Audio restoration plugins are faster when repair must stay inside a mix or video timeline and follow edits. Many specialist packages provide both, which keeps the format from choosing the algorithm for you. Cloud AI services solve a different workflow. Uploading speech and receiving an enhanced file can be convenient, particularly for a one-off interview. But the service may give you less control over the residual, processing order, model version and revision history. File custody also matters for unreleased music, client interviews, medical material or legal evidence. Read retention and model-training terms before uploading, and keep the original outside the service. For a controlled comparison, run the same source through every candidate. Never compare a vendor demo cleaned by an expert with your own untreated problem file. Our separate [AI audio restoration benchmark](https://soundforgepro.com/ai-audio-restoration/) runs one model-based denoiser against five different failures and examines one-click services as a separate workflow. That is more honest than mixing speech enhancers into this desktop-software ranking as if they solved the same job. ## Five Tests to Run Before You Buy ![Five-step audio software trial using one source, level matching, residual listening, repeatability and export verification](https://storage.ghost.io/c/af/4b/af4b05d4-2e0b-4edc-8378-1e2a62fecc70/content/images/2026/08/trial-test-desktop-20260815.webp) A fair trial uses the same source, matched loudness, residual listening, a repeat run, and a verified lossless export. 1. **Use the same damaged file.** Choose one normal passage, one worst-case passage and one quiet passage. A tool that fixes the easy section may fail on the material that matters. 2. **Match output loudness.** Louder usually sounds clearer in a quick comparison. Reduce the processed version until bypass and processed playback are equally loud before deciding that it improved. 3. **Listen to the residual.** If the processor can output what it removed, audition it. Consonants, snare attacks, string texture or room cues in the residual mean the setting is taking wanted audio. 4. **Repeat the job.** Save the chain, reopen the project and process several representative files. Check whether batch output preserves names, sample rate, bit depth, channels and metadata as expected. 5. **Verify a lossless export elsewhere.** Open the rendered WAV in a second player or editor. Check the beginning, end, loudest passage and silence. Never discover a truncated render after deleting the session. Run the trial on the computer that must deliver the work. Plugin formats, operating systems, graphics requirements and copy protection are all part of the purchase. A theoretically stronger processor is the wrong choice if it can’t open the session reliably or if its batch path removes required metadata. ## When Software Cannot Restore the Original ![Repair limits for severe clipping, overlapping reverb, low-bitrate smear and noise mixed with speech](https://storage.ghost.io/c/af/4b/af4b05d4-2e0b-4edc-8378-1e2a62fecc70/content/images/2026/08/restoration-limits-desktop-20260815.webp) Severe clipping, overlapping reflections, codec loss, and inseparable noise contain information software cannot recover with certainty. Four cases deserve restrained language. Repeated flat-topped peaks have lost their original contour. Reflections overlap the direct voice, lossy codecs discard and smear information, and a recording with no clean noise-only section gives a denoiser a weaker model. Better software may produce a better estimate, but none of those cases contains a hidden pristine original waiting to be revealed. Re-record when the performance can be repeated more cheaply than it can be repaired. If a lossless master, camera original or earlier export exists, go back to that source. Use a transfer specialist when the carrier is fragile, moldy, mechanically damaged or irreplaceable. For signal damage that remains repairable, our guides to [reducing echo and room reflections](https://soundforgepro.com/remove-echo-from-audio/) and [diagnosing distorted audio](https://soundforgepro.com/fix-distorted-audio/) show where common one-button claims stop matching the evidence. ## Audio Restoration Software FAQ ### What is the best audio restoration software? iZotope RX 12 Standard is the best overall specialist for mixed repair work because it combines a standalone spectral editor with de-click, de-clip, de-hum, denoise, de-reverb, dialogue and local spectral tools. Acoustica Premium is a better value when you also need a conventional editor, while SpectraLayers Pro is stronger for layer-based isolation. ### What is the best free audio restoration software? Audacity 3.7.7 is the strongest genuinely free starting point across Windows, macOS and Linux. It can reduce constant noise, support spectral selections and repair short local defects, but it does not replace current specialist dialogue isolation, de-reverb or deep spectral reconstruction tools. ### Can audio restoration software fix clipping? A declipper can estimate rounded peaks when clipping is moderate and enough surrounding information remains. It cannot guarantee the exact original waveform after repeated flat plateaus have discarded the peak shape, and it cannot remove distortion created elsewhere in the signal chain. ### Do I need a standalone editor or an audio restoration plugin? Use a standalone editor for diagnosis, local spectral work, versioned repair and final-file inspection. Use a plugin when restoration must remain inside a DAW or video timeline and follow editorial changes. Packages such as RX Standard provide both, so the same repair can move between workflows. ### Is cloud AI safe for confidential recordings? That depends on the service’s retention, access and model-training terms. For confidential, unreleased, medical or legal material, prefer an offline tool unless the organization has approved the service. Keep the untouched original locally and document the model or service version used. ### Which audio restoration software works on Linux? Audacity is the clear native Linux option in this shortlist. The current desktop versions of RX, Acoustica, SpectraLayers, WaveLab and Audition target Windows and macOS, while Sound Forge and GoldWave 7.05 are Windows-only. A GoldWave license also includes the browser-based Infinity app for Linux and other platforms, but GoldWave still labels Infinity as in development. Verify current system requirements before buying because platform support can change. ### Should I buy software before diagnosing the recording? No. First confirm that the problem is in the audio signal rather than the file container, playback device or monitoring chain. Then identify whether the damage is steady noise, impulses, clipping, reverberation, interference or missing data and trial the tool that owns that repair class. ### What software should I use to clean up old recordings? Start with the carrier and the damage. For a tape or vinyl transfer with steady hiss, hum and isolated clicks, Audacity or GoldWave can be enough for a careful low-cost pass; Acoustica Premium adds a stronger editor-and-restoration bundle. Choose RX Standard when the archive also contains clipping, changing noise, room sound or discrete events that need local spectral repair. Preserve the raw transfer before processing, and use a transfer specialist for fragile or irreplaceable media.